12.1 Evolution and Types of Peacekeeping Operations

Peacekeeping has evolved from simple ceasefire monitoring to complex missions addressing modern conflicts. Traditional peacekeeping focuses on observation, while multidimensional operations tackle broader issues like disarmament and civilian protection. Robust peacekeeping allows for more forceful action when necessary.

The UN Charter provides the framework for peacekeeping, with Chapter VI focusing on peaceful dispute resolution and Chapter VII allowing force in certain situations. Key principles like neutrality and impartiality guide peacekeepers, though these can be challenged in complex conflicts.

Types of Peacekeeping

Traditional Peacekeeping

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• Involves monitoring ceasefires and maintaining buffer zones between conflicting parties (Cyprus)
• Typically deployed after a peace agreement has been reached to help maintain stability
• Characterized by the consent of the parties, impartiality, and the non-use of force except in self-defense
• Peacekeepers are usually lightly armed and primarily serve as observers and mediators
• Examples include the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in the Middle East and the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)

Multidimensional Peacekeeping

• Addresses the complex nature of modern conflicts by combining military, police, and civilian components (Kosovo)
• Aims to support the implementation of comprehensive peace agreements and assist in building sustainable peace
• Focuses on tasks such as disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) of former combatants, security sector reform, and the protection of civilians
• Promotes human rights, the rule of law, and the restoration of state authority
• Examples include the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)

Robust Peacekeeping and Rules of Engagement

• Involves the use of force at the tactical level with the authorization of the Security Council to defend the mandate and protect civilians (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
• Peacekeepers are equipped and authorized to use force beyond self-defense to deter attempts to disrupt the political process, protect civilians under imminent threat, and assist national authorities in maintaining law and order
• The mandate outlines the specific tasks and responsibilities of the peacekeeping mission, as well as its scope and duration
• Rules of engagement (ROE) define the circumstances, conditions, degree, and manner in which force may be applied by peacekeepers
• Examples include the ###United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(MONUSCO)_0### and the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)

UN Peacekeeping Framework

UN Charter Chapters VI and VII

• Chapter VI of the UN Charter focuses on the peaceful settlement of disputes through negotiation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, and judicial settlement
• Peacekeeping operations under Chapter VI are based on the consent of the parties and do not involve the use of force beyond self-defense
• Chapter VII of the UN Charter addresses threats to peace, breaches of peace, and acts of aggression
• Under Chapter VII, the Security Council can authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security
• Peacekeeping operations under Chapter VII may involve the use of force beyond self-defense to protect civilians and support the implementation of the mandate

Key Reports and Troop Contributions

• The Brahimi Report (2000) provided a comprehensive review of UN peace operations and made recommendations for improving their effectiveness, including the need for clear, credible, and achievable mandates, and the importance of rapid deployment and adequate resources
• Troop-contributing countries (TCCs) provide military and police personnel for peacekeeping operations
• TCCs are responsible for training, equipping, and disciplining their personnel in accordance with UN standards
• The United Nations reimburses TCCs for their contributions based on a standard rate per peacekeeper
• The five largest troop-contributing countries as of 2021 are Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Rwanda, and Pakistan

Principles of Peacekeeping

• Neutrality requires peacekeepers to maintain an unbiased stance towards the parties to the conflict and avoid taking sides
• Impartiality involves treating all parties equally and fairly, without favoring one side over another
• These principles are essential for maintaining the trust and cooperation of the parties and ensuring the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations
• However, the principles of neutrality and impartiality may be challenged in situations where one party is clearly violating human rights or breaching the peace agreement
• In such cases, peacekeepers may be required to take action to protect civilians or support the implementation of the mandate, even if it is perceived as favoring one side over another