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2.2 Reform Movements and Their Influence on Writing

4 min read•july 30, 2024

China's late Qing era saw major reform movements that shook up traditional thinking. Writers played a big role, using new styles to spread fresh ideas. They wrote in everyday language to reach more people and push for change.

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These reforms had a huge impact on Chinese literature. Writers tackled social issues, , and Western concepts like . New genres like modern novels let them explore complex themes and characters reflecting a changing society.

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Late Qing Reform Movements

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Self-Strengthening Movement and Hundred Days' Reform

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  • The (1861-1895) aimed to modernize China's military and industrial capabilities while preserving traditional Confucian values and political structures
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  • This movement had a limited impact on literature and intellectual thought
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  • The (1898) was a short-lived but influential attempt to introduce sweeping political, educational, and social reforms
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- Though ultimately suppressed, it inspired a generation of intellectuals to advocate for modernization and change
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New Culture Movement and May Fourth Movement

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  • The (1915-1923) rejected traditional Confucian values and promoted Western ideas of democracy, science, and
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- This movement had a profound impact on Chinese literature, advocating for the use of vernacular language and the exploration of new literary forms and themes
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  • The (1919) was a political and cultural uprising that grew out of student protests against the Treaty of Versailles
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- It further amplified the calls for modernization, nationalism, and social reform, shaping the direction of Chinese literature in the early 20th century
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Literature for Social Change

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Literature as a Tool for Reform

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  • Literature served as a powerful tool for spreading new ideas and challenging traditional norms during the reform era
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- Writers used their works to critique social injustices, advocate for women's rights, and promote Western-inspired concepts of individualism and democracy
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  • The adoption of (baihua) in literature, as opposed to classical Chinese (wenyan), made written works more accessible to a wider audience, facilitating the dissemination of reformist ideas among the masses
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  • Many reformist intellectuals believed that literature had a moral and social responsibility to educate and enlighten the public, leading to the creation of didactic and politically engaged works
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New Literary Genres and Challenges

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  • The emergence of new literary genres, such as the modern novel and the essay, allowed writers to explore contemporary social issues and express their reformist views in innovative ways
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- For example, the modern novel format enabled writers to delve into complex characters and narratives that reflected the changing society
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  • However, the relationship between literature and political change was complex, as some writers faced censorship, persecution, or disillusionment when their ideals clashed with reality or failed to bring about the desired reforms
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- Some writers, such as [Lu Xun](https://www.fiveableKeyTerm:Lu_Xun), experienced frustration when their works did not lead to immediate social change as they had hoped
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Reform-Minded Writers and Modernization

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Pioneers of Modern Chinese Literature

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  • (1873-1929) was a pioneering journalist, philosopher, and reformist who advocated for the modernization of Chinese literature
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- His influential essay "On the Relationship Between Fiction and the Government of the People" (1902) argued for the social and political importance of the novel as a tool for public education and reform
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  • (1879-1942), a co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party and a leading figure in the New Culture Movement, used his essays and editorials in the influential magazine "" to promote vernacular literature, Western ideas, and social reform
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Socially Engaged Writers and Their Works

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  • Lu Xun (1881-1936), often considered the father of modern Chinese literature, used his short stories and essays to critique traditional Chinese society and advocate for individualism, democracy, and social justice
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- Works like "[A Madman's Diary](https://www.fiveableKeyTerm:A_Madman's_Diary)" (1918) and "[The True Story of Ah Q](https://www.fiveableKeyTerm:The_True_Story_of_Ah_Q)" (1921-1922) exemplified the new, socially engaged literature of the reform era
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  • (1891-1962), a philosopher, essayist, and diplomat, was a leading advocate for the use of vernacular Chinese in literature and a key figure in the New Culture Movement
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- His essays promoted a pragmatic approach to cultural reform and the adaptation of Western ideas to the Chinese context
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  • (1904-1986), a pioneering female writer and feminist, used her novels and short stories to explore the challenges faced by women in early 20th-century China and to advocate for gender equality
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- Works like "[Miss Sophia's Diary](https://www.fiveableKeyTerm:Miss_Sophia's_Diary)" (1927) and "[The Sun Shines Over the Sanggan River](https://www.fiveableKeyTerm:The_Sun_Shines_Over_the_Sanggan_River)" (1948) exemplified the new, socially conscious literature of the reform era
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