3.4 Representations of the human form and movement

Early Classical sculptors revolutionized the human form in art. They introduced contrapposto and dynamic poses, breathing life into once-rigid figures. These innovations created a sense of movement and naturalism, marking a significant shift from earlier styles.

Anatomical accuracy became a hallmark of this period. Artists meticulously studied and rendered muscles, bones, and proportions. They balanced naturalism with idealization, striving to capture both realistic details and perfect beauty in their sculptures.

Poses and Posture

Contrapposto and Ponderation

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• Contrapposto is a pose where the weight is shifted onto one leg, causing the hips and shoulders to tilt in opposite directions (Doryphoros by Polykleitos)
• Creates a more natural, relaxed stance compared to the stiff, frontal poses of Archaic sculpture
• Ponderation refers to the distribution of weight in a sculpture, with contrapposto being a specific type of ponderation
• Allows for a sense of potential movement and adds a dynamic quality to the figure

S-Curve and Dynamic Poses

• The S-curve is a sinuous, curved pose that emphasizes the natural contours of the body (Aphrodite of Knidos by Praxiteles)
• Creates a sense of grace, elegance, and sensuality in the figure
• Dynamic poses suggest movement and action, as if the figure is caught in a moment of motion (Discobolus by Myron)
• Achieved through the positioning of limbs, the twist of the torso, and the overall balance of the figure
• Implies a narrative or context beyond the static representation of the sculpture

Anatomical Representation

Musculature and Anatomical Accuracy

• Sculptors paid close attention to the accurate representation of human musculature
• Detailed rendering of muscles, tendons, and bones to create a sense of realism (Riace Warriors)
• Anatomical accuracy demonstrates a deep understanding of human anatomy and a desire to capture the natural form
• Achieved through careful observation, study, and practice by the sculptors

Naturalism, Idealization, and Proportions

• Naturalism refers to the representation of the human form in a lifelike, realistic manner
• Captures the individual characteristics and imperfections of the subject
• Idealization involves the creation of a perfected, harmonious representation of the human form (Doryphoros by Polykleitos)
• Emphasizes balance, symmetry, and proportion to achieve an ideal beauty
• Proportions were based on mathematical ratios and systems, such as the Canon of Polykleitos
• Aimed to create a sense of harmony and order in the representation of the human body (Doryphoros as an example of the Canon of Polykleitos)