and reveal surprising gaps in our perception. These phenomena show how focused attention can make us miss obvious things, challenging our understanding of how we process visual information.
Attention acts as a gatekeeper for consciousness, influencing what we're aware of. Theories like Global Workspace and Integrated Information try to explain how attention and awareness interact, shedding light on the complex relationship between what we focus on and what we consciously experience.
Attention and Perception
Examples of inattentional blindness
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Inattentional Blindness – Introduction to Sensation and Perception View original
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Top images from around the web for Examples of inattentional blindness
Frontiers | Inattentional Blindness During Driving in Younger and Older Adults View original
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Frontiers | Inattentional Blindness During Driving in Younger and Older Adults View original
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Inattentional Blindness – Introduction to Sensation and Perception View original
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Inattentional blindness occurs when focused attention on specific task causes failure to notice unexpected stimulus in plain sight
Gorilla experiment participants miss person in gorilla suit while counting basketball passes (, 1999)
Pedestrians using mobile phones fail to notice unicycling clown (, 2010)
Air traffic controllers miss unexpected aircraft on radar screens during simulations
Drivers overlook pedestrians or cyclists while focusing on navigation
Radiologists sometimes miss obvious abnormalities on medical scans when searching for specific conditions
Factors in inattentional blindness
increases likelihood as cognitive demands rise (complex math problems)
Expectation and shape preconceived notions about scene (looking for red car, miss blue truck)
Similarity of unexpected stimulus to attended items makes missing more likely (searching for circle, overlook similar oval)
of unexpected stimulus affects noticeability (bright flashing object more likely seen than dull static one)
Individual differences in and personality traits (openness to experience) influence susceptibility
increases inattentional blindness (solving difficult puzzle vs simple counting task)
Expertise in specific domain can paradoxically increase blindness to unexpected events within that domain
Change blindness in perception
Change blindness involves failure to detect changes in visual scenes, even with large alterations
Methods for studying:
: rapid alternation between original and changed images
: slow alterations to scene elements
: brief visual disruptions during change
Implications:
Reveals limited capacity of
Challenges notion of detailed internal representation of world
Highlights importance of attention in constructing conscious visual experience
Real-world applications impact:
reliability (misremembering crucial details)
(unnoticed updates in software)
Traffic safety (failing to detect changes in road conditions)
Attention vs conscious awareness
Attention acts as gateway to consciousness, selective attention determines awareness entry
Dissociation between attention and awareness demonstrated through:
: processing stimuli without conscious awareness (subliminal advertising)
: responding to visual stimuli without conscious perception (navigating obstacles despite cortical blindness)
Theories of consciousness:
(Baars): consciousness as broadcasting of information
(Tononi): consciousness as integrated information in brain
Neural correlates involve prefrontal cortex and parietal areas in conscious experience
demonstrates temporal limits of attention and awareness (missing second target in rapid visual presentation)
(Lavie) distinguishes perceptual load vs cognitive load effects on distractor processing
Implications challenge idea of single, unified consciousness and support modular theories of mind