is a complex process involving , attention, and . It transforms information into long-term storage through , , and . These processes work together to create lasting memories.
Rehearsal strategies, , and various factors influence memory storage. , , and deep processing enhance retention. , , and also play crucial roles in strengthening memories over time.
Encoding and Rehearsal Strategies
Encoding for long-term memory
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Sensory input reception through visual iconic memory stores brief visual impressions, auditory echoic memory retains sound information, and other sensory modalities process tactile, olfactory inputs
directs cognitive resources selectively to specific stimuli or divides focus among multiple tasks
Working memory processing engages phonological loop for verbal information, visuospatial sketchpad for visual and spatial data, and central executive coordinates cognitive processes
Consolidation strengthens neural connections (synaptic) and integrates memories across brain regions (systems)
Semantic encoding extracts meaning from information and relates it to existing knowledge structures
Episodic encoding incorporates contextual details and personal experiences into memory formation (time, place, emotions)
Maintenance vs elaborative rehearsal
involves simple repetition to keep information in short-term memory (repeating phone number)
Elaborative rehearsal processes information deeply by connecting it to existing knowledge for better long-term retention
Maintenance rehearsal shows limited effectiveness for long-term storage compared to elaborative strategies
Elaborative techniques include (acronyms), (mental imagery), creating associations (linking new info to familiar concepts), and generating examples