Second Industrial Revolution

Definition

The Second Industrial Revolution refers to a period of rapid industrial growth and technological advancement that occurred primarily in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, marked by innovations in steel production, electricity, and chemical processes. This era not only transformed industries but also profoundly impacted societal structures, economies, and global relations.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Second Industrial Revolution saw the rise of new technologies such as the internal combustion engine, which powered automobiles and changed transportation forever.
2. The introduction of electricity revolutionized industries, enabling factories to operate longer hours and improving production efficiency with electric machinery.
3. Chemical innovations led to the development of synthetic dyes and fertilizers, transforming agriculture and consumer goods industries.
4. Railroads expanded dramatically during this period, facilitating trade and the movement of people, further integrating national economies.
5. Labor movements gained momentum as workers sought better conditions, leading to significant social reforms and the establishment of labor rights.

Review Questions

• How did the technological advancements during the Second Industrial Revolution alter the landscape of industries?
  • Technological advancements such as the Bessemer process for steel production and the widespread use of electricity fundamentally changed industries. Factories became more efficient with electric machinery, allowing for increased productivity. The rise of mass production techniques further transformed manufacturing, leading to lower costs and higher outputs. These changes not only revolutionized existing industries but also gave rise to new sectors such as automotive and chemical industries.
• Discuss the impact of the Second Industrial Revolution on societal structures and labor movements.
  • The Second Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on societal structures as it led to urbanization, with people moving to cities for work in factories. This shift changed family dynamics and lifestyles. The harsh working conditions in these factories sparked labor movements as workers organized to demand better wages, hours, and safety standards. This activism was crucial in prompting significant institutional reforms that addressed workers' rights during this period.
• Evaluate the role of international trade during the Second Industrial Revolution in shaping global relationships.
  • International trade expanded significantly during the Second Industrial Revolution due to advancements in transportation like railroads and steamships. This increased connectivity allowed nations to exchange goods more efficiently and established interdependence among economies. The demand for raw materials for manufacturing led to imperial expansion as industrialized nations sought resources from colonies. As a result, global relationships became increasingly complex, with economic interests often influencing political actions and international conflicts.

Related terms

Steel Production: The method of producing steel, especially the Bessemer process, which revolutionized construction and manufacturing by making steel more affordable and accessible.

Electricity: The harnessing of electrical energy for industrial use, leading to advancements in communication, transportation, and everyday life.

Mass Production: The system of manufacturing large quantities of goods efficiently through assembly lines and standardized parts, significantly lowering costs and increasing availability.