The dominant is the fifth scale degree of a major or minor key. It has a strong pull towards the tonic and creates tension that resolves when it progresses to the tonic.
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Subdominant: The subdominant is the fourth scale degree of a major or minor key. It provides a sense of stability before resolving to the dominant.
Dominant seventh chord: A dominant seventh chord is built on the dominant scale degree and consists of four notes. It adds extra tension and creates a stronger desire to resolve to the tonic.
Dominant function: Dominant function refers to how chords with dominant characteristics (such as V or V7) create tension and lead to resolution within a musical piece.