Realism

Definition

Realism is a theoretical perspective in international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual nature of international politics. It focuses on the role of states as the primary actors, driven by national interest and the pursuit of power, often viewing international relations as a zero-sum game where one state's gain is another's loss. This approach underlines the importance of military power and the anarchic structure of the international system, shaping various dynamics in global governance.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Realism argues that states are rational actors that prioritize their own survival and security in an anarchic international system.
2. The theory posits that moral norms and ethical considerations are secondary to national interests and power dynamics.
3. Prominent realist thinkers include Hans Morgenthau, who emphasized the importance of power politics, and Kenneth Waltz, who developed neorealism focusing on the structure of the international system.
4. Realism has been critiqued for its pessimistic view of human nature and its emphasis on conflict over cooperation in international relations.
5. In practice, realism can influence foreign policy decisions, often leading states to adopt aggressive or defensive postures based on perceived threats.

Review Questions

• How does realism define the role of states in international relations, and what implications does this have for global governance?
  • Realism defines states as the primary actors in international relations, prioritizing their own interests and security over moral or ethical concerns. This perspective implies that global governance structures may often be ineffective since states will act based on self-interest rather than cooperative principles. Consequently, organizations like the United Nations may struggle to enforce international norms when powerful states prioritize their sovereignty and security above collective goals.
• Evaluate the differences between realism and liberal institutionalism regarding international cooperation.
  • Realism contrasts sharply with liberal institutionalism by viewing international cooperation skeptically. While realism posits that states operate in a zero-sum environment motivated by power and security concerns, liberal institutionalism suggests that institutions can help facilitate cooperation and mitigate anarchy. Realists argue that cooperation is fleeting and often temporary, arising only when it serves national interests, whereas liberal institutionalists maintain that established norms and institutions can create a more stable and cooperative international order.
• Assess the relevance of realism in understanding contemporary global issues such as military conflicts and international alliances.
  • Realism remains highly relevant for analyzing contemporary global issues like military conflicts and international alliances, particularly as power dynamics evolve. The resurgence of great power competition, seen in tensions between nations like the U.S. and China, underscores realist principles where national interest drives foreign policy. Realist perspectives help explain why states engage in arms races or form strategic alliances in response to perceived threats, demonstrating how historical patterns of behavior continue to shape modern geopolitical landscapes.

Related terms

Balance of Power: A strategy in international relations where states maintain an equilibrium in power to prevent any one state from becoming too strong, often leading to alliances.

Security Dilemma: A situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security can inadvertently threaten other states, leading to an arms race or increased tensions.

Anarchy: The concept in international relations that describes the lack of a central authority above states, resulting in a self-help system where states must rely on their own capabilities.