Realism

Definition

Realism is a school of thought in international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual side of international politics. It focuses on the notion that states act primarily in their own self-interest, prioritizing national security and power over moral or ideological considerations. In the context of foreign policy and military engagement, realism asserts that the international system is anarchic, meaning there is no overarching authority to enforce rules or resolve disputes, leading nations to prioritize their survival and interests.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Realism gained prominence in U.S. foreign policy after the Cold War, as the global landscape shifted and new conflicts emerged in the absence of bipolarity.
2. The Gulf War showcased realism in action, with the United States forming a coalition to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait based on national interests rather than ideological motives.
3. Key realist thinkers, like Hans Morgenthau, argue that moral principles cannot be applied universally in international politics due to the anarchic nature of the system.
4. Realism emphasizes the importance of military power as a central component of national security, leading to defense spending and military interventions when deemed necessary.
5. In the post-Cold War era, realism has continued to influence how states approach issues like terrorism, nuclear proliferation, and regional conflicts.

Review Questions

• How does realism explain state behavior in the context of international relations?
  • Realism explains state behavior by asserting that nations prioritize their self-interest and national security above all else. In an anarchic international system where there is no global authority, states act primarily to ensure their survival and maintain power. This leads to competitive behavior among nations, where diplomatic relationships are often viewed through the lens of power dynamics rather than moral or ideological alignments.
• In what ways did realism influence U.S. actions during the Gulf War?
  • During the Gulf War, realism influenced U.S. actions as the country formed a coalition to respond to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait based on strategic interests. The primary objective was to restore regional stability and protect oil supplies crucial for economic interests. The coalition demonstrated how realist principles guided foreign policy decisions focused on national security and maintaining balance in the Middle East rather than pursuing ideological goals.
• Evaluate the implications of realism for post-Cold War foreign policy decision-making in the United States.
  • Realism has significant implications for post-Cold War foreign policy decision-making in the United States, as it fosters a pragmatic approach centered on national interests. This perspective encourages policymakers to consider military capabilities and strategic alliances when addressing global threats such as terrorism or nuclear proliferation. By prioritizing power dynamics and state interests over ethical considerations, realism shapes U.S. interventions and relationships with other nations, reflecting a continuous struggle for influence and security in an ever-changing international landscape.

Related terms

Balance of Power: A concept in international relations where power is distributed among multiple states to prevent any one entity from becoming too powerful, promoting stability through deterrence.

Security Dilemma: A situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security can inadvertently threaten other states, leading to an arms race and increased tensions.

National Interest: The goals and objectives of a nation-state, often related to economic prosperity, security, and the maintenance of sovereignty.