Realism

Definition

Realism is a theoretical framework in international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual nature of international politics. It argues that states are the primary actors in an anarchic international system, where each state acts in its own self-interest to ensure survival and power. This perspective underscores the importance of military capability, national interest, and power dynamics in shaping global interactions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Realism is grounded in the belief that human nature is inherently power-seeking and self-interested, influencing state behavior.
2. It contrasts with liberalism, which emphasizes cooperation, institutions, and the potential for progress in international relations.
3. Realist theorists argue that moral considerations are secondary to national interests and power calculations when states interact.
4. Key figures in realism include Thomas Hobbes, who highlighted the chaotic nature of life without authority, and Hans Morgenthau, who articulated the principles of political realism.
5. Realism has evolved into various strands, such as classical realism, neorealism (structural realism), and offensive/defensive realism, each with unique emphases on the sources of state behavior.

Review Questions

• How does realism explain the motivations behind state actions in an anarchic international system?
  • Realism posits that in an anarchic international system, states are driven by self-interest and the need for survival. This competitive environment compels states to prioritize their security and power over cooperative endeavors. Consequently, their actions are often dictated by national interests rather than moral or ethical considerations, leading to a focus on military capabilities and strategic alliances to navigate international relations.
• Compare and contrast realism with classical liberalism regarding their views on international cooperation.
  • While realism emphasizes competition, power struggles, and self-interest among states in an anarchic system, classical liberalism posits that cooperation and interdependence can be achieved through institutions and shared values. Realists argue that cooperation is often short-lived or contingent upon power dynamics, while liberals believe that mutual benefits and collective security can lead to lasting partnerships. This fundamental difference highlights how each theory interprets state interactions within the global arena.
• Evaluate the implications of realism for understanding contemporary issues in global politics, such as climate change or terrorism.
  • Realism offers a critical lens for analyzing contemporary issues like climate change or terrorism by focusing on how states prioritize their national interests amidst these challenges. For instance, realists may argue that states approach climate agreements primarily based on perceived threats to their sovereignty or economic stability rather than global collective action. Similarly, responses to terrorism may be framed within the context of national security concerns rather than humanitarian efforts. Thus, realism can elucidate why global cooperation on pressing issues often falters when aligned with individual state agendas.

Related terms

Anarchy: A condition in international relations where there is no overarching authority to govern states, leading to a self-help system among states.

Balance of Power: A concept in realism that refers to the distribution of power among states, where the goal is to prevent any one state from becoming too dominant.

National Interest: The objectives or goals of a state in terms of its economic, military, and cultural aspirations, often guiding its foreign policy decisions.