Realism

Definition

Realism is a theoretical perspective in international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual side of international politics. It holds that states act primarily in their own self-interest and that power dynamics are central to understanding global interactions. Realism often focuses on the importance of military strength and national security, viewing international relations as a struggle for power among self-interested states.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Realism is often contrasted with liberalism, which emphasizes cooperation and the potential for progress in international relations.
2. The principles of realism were significantly shaped by thinkers such as Thucydides, Hobbes, and Machiavelli, who highlighted the role of human nature and power in politics.
3. Realists argue that morality cannot be the primary guide in international politics; instead, states must prioritize their survival and strategic interests.
4. The Cold War era showcased realism's relevance as superpowers engaged in a struggle for global dominance based on military capabilities and alliances.
5. Realism also informs foreign policy decisions, leading leaders to prioritize national interests over idealistic goals when formulating strategies.

Review Questions

• How does realism explain the behavior of states in the context of international treaties and agreements?
  • Realism posits that states engage in treaties and agreements primarily to enhance their own security and power. For realists, treaties are tools that states use to further their interests rather than expressions of goodwill or cooperation. This perspective suggests that while states may appear cooperative through treaties, they are ultimately motivated by self-interest and strategic calculations regarding how to maintain or enhance their position in the international system.
• Discuss the role of power dynamics in realism and how they impact negotiations for treaties or executive agreements.
  • In realism, power dynamics are crucial in shaping how states negotiate treaties or executive agreements. States with greater military or economic strength often have more leverage during negotiations, allowing them to dictate terms that favor their interests. Consequently, weaker states may be compelled to accept unfavorable terms or enter into agreements that do not align with their long-term goals. This imbalance underscores the realist belief that international relations are fundamentally about competition for power and resources.
• Evaluate how the principles of realism can be applied to understand contemporary issues in international treaties, such as climate agreements or arms control pacts.
  • Applying realism to contemporary issues like climate agreements or arms control pacts reveals the tension between national interests and collective action. States may express commitment to global challenges but often prioritize their own economic or security concerns over collaborative solutions. For instance, a state might agree to limit emissions within an international climate treaty but may simultaneously seek exceptions to protect its industries. This highlights realism's assertion that even in issues requiring cooperation, states remain driven by self-interest, making genuine collaboration difficult amidst competing priorities.

Related terms

Power Politics: The practice of using power to influence or control others, especially in the context of international relations, where states pursue their interests through military or economic means.

Balance of Power: A concept in international relations where national security is maintained by an equilibrium of power among nations, preventing any one nation from becoming too powerful.

Security Dilemma: A situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn leads to increased tensions and potential conflict.