Realism

Definition

Realism is a theoretical perspective in international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual nature of global politics. It suggests that states act primarily in their own self-interest, driven by the need for power and security. This perspective often views international relations as a struggle for dominance among self-interested states, leading to an anarchic international system where cooperation is limited and war is a constant possibility.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Realism has its roots in classical political philosophy and has evolved through various schools of thought, including structural realism and classical realism.
2. Key figures in realism include Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Hans Morgenthau, who emphasized the importance of power and national interests in shaping international relations.
3. Realists argue that ethical considerations should take a backseat to national interest, leading to policies that prioritize state survival over moral imperatives.
4. Realism posits that the international system is characterized by competition and conflict, which makes alliances temporary and trust between states limited.
5. The concept of balance of power is central to realism, suggesting that stability in international relations is achieved when military capabilities are distributed among states to prevent any one state from dominating.

Review Questions

• How does realism explain the behavior of states in the international system?
  • Realism explains that states behave primarily out of self-interest, seeking power and security above all else. In this view, the anarchic nature of the international system compels states to act competitively, leading them to prioritize their national interests over cooperation. Realists believe that while alliances may form temporarily, they are ultimately based on strategic calculations rather than trust or shared values.
• Discuss how the concepts of anarchy and power politics are interconnected within realism.
  • In realism, anarchy is a fundamental condition that shapes how states interact with each other. Without a central authority to enforce rules, states operate in a self-help environment where they must prioritize their security and interests. This leads to power politics, where states pursue their objectives through military might and strategic maneuvering. The interplay between anarchy and power politics creates a competitive landscape where conflicts are more likely to arise as states vie for dominance.
• Evaluate the implications of realism for understanding contemporary global conflicts and alliances.
  • Evaluating realism in contemporary global conflicts reveals that state behavior often aligns with realist principles, as nations act in ways that reflect their security concerns and pursuit of power. For example, the dynamics of current rivalries—such as those between major powers like the U.S. and China—illustrate how realist perspectives can explain aggressive policies and military buildups. Additionally, the transitory nature of alliances today reflects the realist view that cooperation is often temporary and driven by shifting national interests rather than long-term commitments.

Related terms

power politics: The practice of pursuing national interests and objectives through the use of power, including military force, economic leverage, and diplomatic influence.

anarchy: In international relations, anarchy refers to the absence of a central authority to govern states, resulting in a self-help system where states must rely on their own capabilities for security.

security dilemma: A situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its security (such as military buildup) lead other states to respond with similar measures, resulting in increased tensions and potential conflict.